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In Maverick v. Harper, a case out of Texas, the RIAA has been pursuing a defendant who was 16 years old at the age of her crime, which she admitted to at the time.
The defendant is using a “innocent infringement” defense, which would reduce damages down to $200 per infringement instead of $750+.
The response to the motion for summary judgment comes down to one of two things, accept $200 per infringement or goto trial :
Plaintiffs request the statutory minimum damages of $750 per work rather than a calculation of actual damages. Defendant contends that due to her age—sixteen years old at the time of the infringement—and technological experience, she did not intentionally violate Plaintiffs’ copyrights and should therefore be considered at most an innocent infringer.
The damages provision of the Copyright Act provides that a plaintiff may elect to seek
minimum damages of $750 per work. 17 U.S.C. § 504(c)(1). However, it also provides that “where the infringer . . . was not aware and had no reason to believe that his or her acts constituted an infringement of copyright, the court in its discretion may reduce the award of statutory damages to a sum of not less than $200.” 17 U.S.C. § 504(c)(2). The defendant has the burden to prove the lack of intent necessary for innocent infringement. Id.
As evidence of her “innocent” infringement, Defendant presents a signed affidavit stating that before the lawsuit, she “had no knowledge or understanding of file trading, online distribution networks or copyright infringement.” In addition, Defendant stated that “Kazaa and similar products did not inform me that the materials available through their service were stolen or abused copyrighted material and I had no way of learning this information prior to this lawsuit.” (Id., at 13). Plaintiffs contend that by complying with 17 U.S.C. § 402 and placing notices on each the containers and on the surface of the compact discs of the Recordings, they have provided notice such that Defendant could have learned that the Recordings were copyrighted. This argument is not completely satisfactory. In this case, there were no compact discs with warnings.
The Copyright Act provides that “[I]f a notice of copyright . . . appears on the published phonorecord . . . to which a defendant had access, then no weight shall be given to such a defendant’s interposition of a defense based on innocent infringement” unless the infringement was believed to be fair use. 17 U.S.C. § 402(d). Although the Fifth Circuit has not addressed this issue directly, the Seventh Circuit has found that an innocent infringer defense did not apply in a case where the defendant “readily could have learned, had she inquired, that the music was under copyright.” BMG Music v. Gonzales, 430 F.3d 888, 892 (7th Cir. 2005). Defendant, relying on Electra Entertainment Group v. McDowell, a case involving a thirteen-year-old girl, argues that her age and knowledge of technology alone should be sufficient to introduce a genuine issue of material fact as to innocent infringement. The McDowell Court held that a genuine issue of material fact was present as to the defendant’s access to the copyright notices. See Electra Entertainment Group Inc. v. McDowell, No. 4:06-CV-115 (CDL), 2007 WL 3286622, at *2 n.2 (M.D. Ga. Nov. 6, 2007).
Although proper notice was provided on the cover of each of the Recordings, a question
remains as to whether Defendant knew the warnings on compact discs were applicable in this KaZaA setting. Defendant admitted that she owned compact discs. However, both in her affidavit and in her deposition, Defendant claimed that she believed using KaZaA and similar products to be akin to listening to radio over the internet and did not know that the Recordings were being either downloaded or distributed. She further claimed that prior to this lawsuit, she did not have any understanding of copyright infringement.
At the summary judgment stage, all factual disputes must be construed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party—in this case, Defendant. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255. Defendant has the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that her actions constituted innocent infringement. 17 U.S.C. § 502(c)(2). Plaintiffs have not introduced any evidence to contradict that Defendant did not have an understanding of the nature of file-sharing programs and copyright sophisticated enough to have reason to know that her actions infringed Plaintiffs’ copyrights. Therefore, the Court finds that a fact issue exists as to whether Defendant was an innocent infringer.
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